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The 11th Street Bridges are a complex of three bridges across the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C., United States. The bridges convey Interstate 695 across the Anacostia to its southern terminus at Interstate 295 and DC 295.〔 The bridges also connect the neighborhood of Anacostia with the rest of the city of Washington.〔 The first bridge at the site, constructed about 1800, played a role in the War of 1812. It burned in 1846, but was repaired. A second bridge was constructed in 1873, and replaced in 1907. A modern, four-lane bridge replaced the older bridge in 1965, and a second four-lane bridge added in 1970. In 2009, construction began on three spans (two carrying freeway traffic, one carrying local-only traffic) to replace the 1965 and 1970 bridges. The northbound bridge opened to traffic in December 2011 while the southbound bridge open to traffic in January 2012. The new bridges include new ramps and new interchanges with I-295 (the Anacostia Freeway). The local bridge opened to traffic in May 2012. Portions of all three bridges and their approaches remain under construction . Phase 1 of the project was completed ahead of schedule and within budget in July 2013. The local bridge was fully complete by September 2013. Phase 2 of the project, including the conversion of the Barney Circle Freeway into a boulevard, will be completed in 2015. ==Original bridges== The first bridge across the Anacostia River in this area was the Eastern Branch Bridge,〔The Anacostia River was originally called the "Eastern Branch." See: Abbott, Carl. ''Political Terrain: Washington, D.C., from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis.'' Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8078-4805-0〕 a privately owned toll and drawbridge built between 1795 and 1800 about upstream from 11th Street SE (at the site of the current John Philip Sousa Bridge).〔(Croggon, James. "Old 'Burnt Bridge'." ) ''Evening Star.'' July 7, 1907.〕〔(Burr, Charles R. "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress." ) ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington.'' 1920.〕 The Eastern Branch Bridge was blown up and partially burned by retreating American soldiers in August 1814 during the War of 1812.〔Pitch, Anthony S. ''The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814.'' Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3〕 It was rebuilt, but burned completely in August 1846.〔 In 1820, the privately owned "Upper Navy Yard Bridge" was built over the Anacostia River at 11th Street SE.〔〔 Also a toll bridge, this second bridge became a "free" bridge in 1848 after it was purchased by the federal government.〔 From the city's founding until 1854, the area known today as Anacostia was primarily sparsely populated farmland.〔 But Anacostia was platted in 1854, and development slowly began to turn the agricultural land into businesses and residences.〔 The destruction of the Eastern Branch Bridge in 1846, however, significantly slowed growth in the area for five decades.〔Miller, Frederic and Gillette, Howard. ''Washington Seen: A Photographic History, 1875-1965.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8018-4979-9〕 A second bridge was built in the same location in 1872-1873.〔Fitzpatrick, Sandra and Goodwin, Maria R. ''A Guide to Black Washington: Places and Events of Historical and Cultural Significance in the Nation's Capital.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990. ISBN 0-87052-832-7〕 This bridge was replaced in 1905-1907 by a stronger, wider span (the "Anacostia Bridge") which accommodated streetcars.〔("The Bill (H.R. 18198) Making Appropriations to Provide For the Expenses of the Government of the District of Columbia for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1907, and for Other Purposes." ) Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906.〕 It was this span which the Bonus Army fled across on July 28, 1932, when attacked by the United States Army.〔(Manchester, William. "Rock Bottom in America." ) ''New York Magazine.'' August 5, 1974; Weintraub, Stanley. ''15 Stars: Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall: Three Generals Who Saved the American Century.'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007. ISBN 0-7432-7527-6〕 The 1907 span was replaced by a modern structure four-lane bridge carrying one-way northbound traffic in 1965 as part of the development of the "Inner Loop" (see below). A second four-lane bridge was added in 1970, with one-way traffic over the span of each bridge.〔〔Cohn, D'Vera. "Suit Seeks to Stop D.C. Plans to Build Connector Highway." ''Washington Post.'' May 13, 1994.〕 The southbound structure was officially named the Officer Kevin J. Welsh Memorial Bridge, while the northbound structure was officially named the 11th Street Bridge.〔The original southbound span was named for District of Columbia police office Kevin J. Welsh, who drowned in 1986 while attempting to save a woman who had attempted to commit suicide by leaping from the bridge into the Anacostia River. Welsh's body was never recovered, and the D.C. City Council renamed the southbound span in his honor. See: (Kelly, John F. "Bridges Carry Bits of History Along With the Traffic." ) ''Washington Post.'' April 21, 2005.〕 Both were beam bridges: " 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「11th Street Bridges」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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